5 aug 2019
The Foreign Press Association in a statement on Sunday said it was deeply concerned by a wanton act of violence by an Israeli “border police officer” against an accredited and clearly identified reporter covering a protest in Wadi al Hummus on Friday, August 2.
61-year-old AP cameraman Eyad Moghrabi was viciously kicked in the shin by a border policeman while covering a protest by Palestinians in Wadi Al-Hummus in the West Bank on Friday, August 2, the FPA said. video
“Moghrabi was clearly identified as a press photographer by the PRESS sign on the front and back of his jacket. He had been detained for close to an hour before the protest while the border police verified his credentials. He was kicked while he was filming by the same officer who had earlier detained him. Moghrabi’s leg was bandaged at the hospital,” it added.
Israeli attacks against journalists and media freedoms during the first half of 2019 hit 150 attacks, according to a report by The Palestinian Center for Development and Media Freedoms (MADA).
According to MADA, the Israeli attacks were divided into 91 attacks in the West Bank including the occupied city of Jerusalem, and 59 attacks in the Gaza Strip. 55 of the total Israeli attacks in the Gaza Strip were considered serious, because most injuries were physical injuries with live bullets and direct gas bombs, in addition to the destruction of the headquarters of two media institutions in the Gaza Strip.
The total number of physical attacks committed by the occupation army against journalists in the West Bank and Gaza was 88, constituting 59% of the total Israeli attacks, while four types of serious attacks (physical injuries, arrests, destruction of institutions and the use of journalists as human shields) reached 72% of all Israeli attacks monitored.
61-year-old AP cameraman Eyad Moghrabi was viciously kicked in the shin by a border policeman while covering a protest by Palestinians in Wadi Al-Hummus in the West Bank on Friday, August 2, the FPA said. video
“Moghrabi was clearly identified as a press photographer by the PRESS sign on the front and back of his jacket. He had been detained for close to an hour before the protest while the border police verified his credentials. He was kicked while he was filming by the same officer who had earlier detained him. Moghrabi’s leg was bandaged at the hospital,” it added.
Israeli attacks against journalists and media freedoms during the first half of 2019 hit 150 attacks, according to a report by The Palestinian Center for Development and Media Freedoms (MADA).
According to MADA, the Israeli attacks were divided into 91 attacks in the West Bank including the occupied city of Jerusalem, and 59 attacks in the Gaza Strip. 55 of the total Israeli attacks in the Gaza Strip were considered serious, because most injuries were physical injuries with live bullets and direct gas bombs, in addition to the destruction of the headquarters of two media institutions in the Gaza Strip.
The total number of physical attacks committed by the occupation army against journalists in the West Bank and Gaza was 88, constituting 59% of the total Israeli attacks, while four types of serious attacks (physical injuries, arrests, destruction of institutions and the use of journalists as human shields) reached 72% of all Israeli attacks monitored.
4 aug 2019
Palestinian media outlets approved a code of conduct document to counter hate speech in the Palestinian media as part of the project, which was implemented by the Palestinian center for development and media freedoms – MADA with the support of the International Programme for the Development of Communication (IPDC) and UNESCO.
MADA Center arranged a consultation meeting with the Palestinian media outlets to discuss the adoption of this document of ethical code of conduct to counter hate speech in the Palestinian local media, to abide by the principles of professional journalism and its ethics and to avoid incitement, hatred, distinction, and partisan, religious or geographical racism, which are the basic meaning of non-hatred environment.
The document was finalized after several discussions with the local Media outlets who fully agreed and signed upon the content.
The purpose of this document is to limit hate speech that may be transmitted or disseminated by the media and to ensure its commitment to objectivity in the journalistic work and non-bias towards one party against another, adopting values of tolerance, acceptance of opinion, not defaming or inciting hatred and violence against any person or institution or an official or an informal body in Palestine on the basis of sex, religion, race or political affiliation, publishing news and information in an objective and professional manner without provoking sedition or sectarianism, and taking into account the scrutiny and review of news and speeches before publishing to ensure that it does not contain a hate speech.
MADA Center carried out several activities within the project “countering hate speech in Palestine”, including training workshops for a group of professional journalists in the West Bank and Gaza Strip to raise awareness about hate speech and the distinction between it and freedom of opinion and expression.
The Center also carried out a media campaign through social media and media outlets to introduce the hate speech and its negative effects on the media and society, in addition several radio episodes tackled topics related to countering the hate speech, highlighting the best practices through the guested, those episodes had a great impact on the audience which was measured through their involvement in calls and social discussions.
A tool kit was compiled and produced by the Center after the several contributions on hate speech, being the first of its kind in Palestine.
http://www.madacenter.org/media.php?lang=2&id=807&category_id=8
For more information on hate speech, see UNESCO’s Anti-Hatred Speech (2015): http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0023/002332/233231a.pdf
Code of Conduct – Countering Hate Speech within the Palestinian Media Outlets
We, the media professionals, in our capacities as representatives of Palestinian media outlets, convinced of the media role in promoting freedom of opinion and expression, respect for diversity and the opinion of others, and based on the international conventions and Palestinian laws and legislation, confirm that the development of our profession and promoting its role requires us to enforce and abide by the principles of diversity, equality, integrity, transparency, countering violence, incitement and advocacy of hatred. Thus, we commit ourselves to:
Signatories to the Code of Conduct on Countering Hate Speech within the Palestinian Media Outlets:
MADA Center arranged a consultation meeting with the Palestinian media outlets to discuss the adoption of this document of ethical code of conduct to counter hate speech in the Palestinian local media, to abide by the principles of professional journalism and its ethics and to avoid incitement, hatred, distinction, and partisan, religious or geographical racism, which are the basic meaning of non-hatred environment.
The document was finalized after several discussions with the local Media outlets who fully agreed and signed upon the content.
The purpose of this document is to limit hate speech that may be transmitted or disseminated by the media and to ensure its commitment to objectivity in the journalistic work and non-bias towards one party against another, adopting values of tolerance, acceptance of opinion, not defaming or inciting hatred and violence against any person or institution or an official or an informal body in Palestine on the basis of sex, religion, race or political affiliation, publishing news and information in an objective and professional manner without provoking sedition or sectarianism, and taking into account the scrutiny and review of news and speeches before publishing to ensure that it does not contain a hate speech.
MADA Center carried out several activities within the project “countering hate speech in Palestine”, including training workshops for a group of professional journalists in the West Bank and Gaza Strip to raise awareness about hate speech and the distinction between it and freedom of opinion and expression.
The Center also carried out a media campaign through social media and media outlets to introduce the hate speech and its negative effects on the media and society, in addition several radio episodes tackled topics related to countering the hate speech, highlighting the best practices through the guested, those episodes had a great impact on the audience which was measured through their involvement in calls and social discussions.
A tool kit was compiled and produced by the Center after the several contributions on hate speech, being the first of its kind in Palestine.
http://www.madacenter.org/media.php?lang=2&id=807&category_id=8
For more information on hate speech, see UNESCO’s Anti-Hatred Speech (2015): http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0023/002332/233231a.pdf
Code of Conduct – Countering Hate Speech within the Palestinian Media Outlets
We, the media professionals, in our capacities as representatives of Palestinian media outlets, convinced of the media role in promoting freedom of opinion and expression, respect for diversity and the opinion of others, and based on the international conventions and Palestinian laws and legislation, confirm that the development of our profession and promoting its role requires us to enforce and abide by the principles of diversity, equality, integrity, transparency, countering violence, incitement and advocacy of hatred. Thus, we commit ourselves to:
- Objectivity in the professional work and avoid taking sides.
- To adopt the values of tolerance, accept others’ opinions and respect different orientations.
- To avoid defamation or incitement to hatred and violence against any person or organization or official or non-official authorities on the basis of sex, religion, race or political affiliation.
- To transmit news and information objectively and professionally without sedition or rising sectarianism.
- To refrain from publishing any news involving, in content, incitement or hatred or discrimination or any form of racism.
- To take into account reviewing the news and speeches before being published to ensure they do not contain any hate speech. This may be done using the six-part threshold test adopted by international organizations to clarify whether the news or speech is a hate speech or not, which takes into consideration:
- Context and enormity of speech.
- The speaker in terms of power and influencing the audience.
- Intent or clear intention to be involved in a hate speech.
- Content of speech and whether it holds direct or indirect advocacy for discrimination or racism or violence or hostility.
- Extent of the speech and its intensity.
- Likelihood of causing harm.
Signatories to the Code of Conduct on Countering Hate Speech within the Palestinian Media Outlets:
- Ma’an News Agency
- Raya FM
- Nissa FM
- 24FM
- WATAN News Agency/WATAN TV
- Bethlehem 2000 Radio
- Quds News Network
- Palestine News Network
- A’lam Radio
- Alhadath electronic Newspaper
- Nativity TV
- Safa Palestinian Press Agency
- Madar News Agency
- Alestqlal Newspaper
- Palestine Today TV
- Palestine Today Agency
- SAWA Agency
- Watan Radio
- Quds Radio
- Albalad FM
- Oroba Radio 939fm
2 aug 2019
On the 69th Great March of Return, 66 Palestinian civilians were injured due to the Israeli military’s continued use of excessive force against peaceful protests along the Gaza Strip’s eastern border. At least 28 children, 4 women and a paramedic were among those injured this Friday, 02 August 2019. Twenty-seven civilians were shot with live bullets and 2 children were deemed in a critical medical condition.
While this week’s protests saw a decline in the number of civilian injuries, PCHR fieldworkers documented many cases of live bullets targeting civilians’ upper bodies. Despite the absence of a real threat to Israeli soldiers’ lives; the occupation forces continued the systematic use of excessive force against protestors.
For the first time since the Great March of Return started in March 2018, there were no injuries reported in eastern Gaza City. The deployment of Palestinian security forces in official apparel along “Jakar” street, who denied civilians from approaching the border fence, contributed to the decline in injuries.
Today’s protest, which lasted from 16:00 to 19:00, was titled “Solidarity with Crimes against Wadi al-Humus,” and involved activities such as speeches by political leaders and theatrical performances. Dozens of civilians protested at varied distances from the border fence across the Gaza Strip.
To this date, PCHR documented 208 killings by Israel since the outbreak of the protests on 30 March 2018, including 44 children, 2 women, 9 persons with disabilities, 4 paramedics, and 2 journalists. Additionally, 13,391 were wounded, including 2,775 children, 413 women, 222 paramedics and 209 journalists, noting that many had sustained multiple wounds on multiple occasions. Among those wounded, PCHR documented cases where 196 persons have become with disabilities, including 28 children and 5 women, and were as follows: 149 amputees; 21 paralyzed, 26 blind or deaf and 9 sexually disabled.
The following is a summary of today’s incidents along the Gaza Strip border:
Northern Gaza Strip
1500 protesters participated in Abu Safiyah area protests, northeast of Jabalia; only tens approached the border fence and threw stones. Israeli forces, stationed along the fence, fired live and rubber bullets as well as teargas canisters at the protesters. As a result, 20 of them were injured, including 10 children and 2 women: 11 were shot with live bullets; and 5, all children, with rubber bullets and tear gas canisters. Yasser Salah Mohammed al-Tanneh (16) sustained a bullet wound to his upper thighs severely damaging a main blood vessel. Also in norther Gaza, paramedic Wafaa Omar Khamis Jaber (24) was shot with a rubber bullet in her left ankle. At approximately 18:30, Israeli forces \ arrested a civilian who crossed the border fence; his identity has not been confirmed yet.
Gaza City
Protests set off Malakah area, east of al-Zaytoun neighborhood in eastern Gaza City. Speeches, theatrical performances and other segments were performed at the protest central encampment. Palestinian security forces spread along Jakar street and denied civilians access to the border fence; nonetheless, a handful managed to approach the fence at a 100 meters distance, threw stones at the border and Israeli soldiers responded with live ammunition. No injuries were reported for the first time since the outbreak of the protests.
Central Gaza Strip
Hundreds of civilians, including women, children and families, took part in the eastern Bureij refugee camp protests; tens approached the border fence at a range varying between 2 – 70 meters, and some of them attempted to throw stones at Israeli soldiers with slingshots. The Israeli soldiers, reinforced with 9 military SUVs, responded with live and rubber bullets in addition to teargas canisters at the protesters, wounding 16 civilians, including 4 children, a woman and a journalist: 8 were shot with live bullets and shrapnel, 5 were directly hit with teargas canisters and 3 were shot with rubber bullets. Most of the injuries were documented in the upper body. Israeli forces deployed a sewage water pump against the protestors. At approximately 17:50, while present 200 meters away from the fence, journalist Usama Sharif Mohammed al-Kahlout (35), from Deir al-Balah, received a call from a number starting with 04. As soon as he took the call, he was shot in his left leg and was transferred to the hospital for treatment.
Khan Younis
Protests took place in Khuza’a, where Ahmed al-Qarra and Hany Abu-Selmy, who were killed by Israeli forces this week were commemorated. Dozens approached the border fence and threw stones at it, Israeli soldiers shot back; as a result, 17 civilians were injured, including 10 children and a journalist: 4 were shot with live bullets and shrapnel and 4 were directly hit with a tear gas canister and 9 were shot with rubber bullets. The injured journalist is Hatem Saadi Saleh Omar (39), from Rafah, and he was wearing a flak jacket with “PRESS” clearly imprinted on it. Mr. Omar is a reporter for Xinhua News Agency and he sustained two rubber bullet wounds in his legs while videotaping the events at least 130 meters away from the fence. Furthermore, dozens of civilians, suffocated due to teargas inhalation.
Rafah
Hundreds participated in the eastern Shokah protests, where folklore shows, and speeches were held. Dozens approached the border fence and threw stones. The Israeli soldiers used live and rubber bullets and teargas canisters against the protestors. As a result, 13 civilians were injured, including 4 children: 3 were shot with live bullets and shrapnel, 3 shot with rubber bullets and 7 were hit with tear gas canisters. Mohammed Zaher Wassel Abu-Zaid (15) sustained serious wounds after being hit with a tear gas canister directly to the head.
Palestinian Center for Human Rights (PCHR)
While this week’s protests saw a decline in the number of civilian injuries, PCHR fieldworkers documented many cases of live bullets targeting civilians’ upper bodies. Despite the absence of a real threat to Israeli soldiers’ lives; the occupation forces continued the systematic use of excessive force against protestors.
For the first time since the Great March of Return started in March 2018, there were no injuries reported in eastern Gaza City. The deployment of Palestinian security forces in official apparel along “Jakar” street, who denied civilians from approaching the border fence, contributed to the decline in injuries.
Today’s protest, which lasted from 16:00 to 19:00, was titled “Solidarity with Crimes against Wadi al-Humus,” and involved activities such as speeches by political leaders and theatrical performances. Dozens of civilians protested at varied distances from the border fence across the Gaza Strip.
To this date, PCHR documented 208 killings by Israel since the outbreak of the protests on 30 March 2018, including 44 children, 2 women, 9 persons with disabilities, 4 paramedics, and 2 journalists. Additionally, 13,391 were wounded, including 2,775 children, 413 women, 222 paramedics and 209 journalists, noting that many had sustained multiple wounds on multiple occasions. Among those wounded, PCHR documented cases where 196 persons have become with disabilities, including 28 children and 5 women, and were as follows: 149 amputees; 21 paralyzed, 26 blind or deaf and 9 sexually disabled.
The following is a summary of today’s incidents along the Gaza Strip border:
Northern Gaza Strip
1500 protesters participated in Abu Safiyah area protests, northeast of Jabalia; only tens approached the border fence and threw stones. Israeli forces, stationed along the fence, fired live and rubber bullets as well as teargas canisters at the protesters. As a result, 20 of them were injured, including 10 children and 2 women: 11 were shot with live bullets; and 5, all children, with rubber bullets and tear gas canisters. Yasser Salah Mohammed al-Tanneh (16) sustained a bullet wound to his upper thighs severely damaging a main blood vessel. Also in norther Gaza, paramedic Wafaa Omar Khamis Jaber (24) was shot with a rubber bullet in her left ankle. At approximately 18:30, Israeli forces \ arrested a civilian who crossed the border fence; his identity has not been confirmed yet.
Gaza City
Protests set off Malakah area, east of al-Zaytoun neighborhood in eastern Gaza City. Speeches, theatrical performances and other segments were performed at the protest central encampment. Palestinian security forces spread along Jakar street and denied civilians access to the border fence; nonetheless, a handful managed to approach the fence at a 100 meters distance, threw stones at the border and Israeli soldiers responded with live ammunition. No injuries were reported for the first time since the outbreak of the protests.
Central Gaza Strip
Hundreds of civilians, including women, children and families, took part in the eastern Bureij refugee camp protests; tens approached the border fence at a range varying between 2 – 70 meters, and some of them attempted to throw stones at Israeli soldiers with slingshots. The Israeli soldiers, reinforced with 9 military SUVs, responded with live and rubber bullets in addition to teargas canisters at the protesters, wounding 16 civilians, including 4 children, a woman and a journalist: 8 were shot with live bullets and shrapnel, 5 were directly hit with teargas canisters and 3 were shot with rubber bullets. Most of the injuries were documented in the upper body. Israeli forces deployed a sewage water pump against the protestors. At approximately 17:50, while present 200 meters away from the fence, journalist Usama Sharif Mohammed al-Kahlout (35), from Deir al-Balah, received a call from a number starting with 04. As soon as he took the call, he was shot in his left leg and was transferred to the hospital for treatment.
Khan Younis
Protests took place in Khuza’a, where Ahmed al-Qarra and Hany Abu-Selmy, who were killed by Israeli forces this week were commemorated. Dozens approached the border fence and threw stones at it, Israeli soldiers shot back; as a result, 17 civilians were injured, including 10 children and a journalist: 4 were shot with live bullets and shrapnel and 4 were directly hit with a tear gas canister and 9 were shot with rubber bullets. The injured journalist is Hatem Saadi Saleh Omar (39), from Rafah, and he was wearing a flak jacket with “PRESS” clearly imprinted on it. Mr. Omar is a reporter for Xinhua News Agency and he sustained two rubber bullet wounds in his legs while videotaping the events at least 130 meters away from the fence. Furthermore, dozens of civilians, suffocated due to teargas inhalation.
Rafah
Hundreds participated in the eastern Shokah protests, where folklore shows, and speeches were held. Dozens approached the border fence and threw stones. The Israeli soldiers used live and rubber bullets and teargas canisters against the protestors. As a result, 13 civilians were injured, including 4 children: 3 were shot with live bullets and shrapnel, 3 shot with rubber bullets and 7 were hit with tear gas canisters. Mohammed Zaher Wassel Abu-Zaid (15) sustained serious wounds after being hit with a tear gas canister directly to the head.
Palestinian Center for Human Rights (PCHR)
Many Palestinian citizens suffered from their exposure to tear gas fumes when the Israeli occupation forces (IOF) attacked them after they finished the Friday prayer in Sur Baher town, east of Jerusalem.
Hundreds of citizens flocked to Wadi Hummus neighborhood of Sur Baher town to attend the Friday khutba and prayer near the separation wall and to express their solidarity with local residents who lost their homes.
Immediately after they finished the prayer, the IOF showered them with volleys of tear gas grenades and physically assaulted some of them in an attempt to force them to leave the area. video
Photojournalist Iyad Hamad was reportedly injured after soldiers brutally beat him as he was covering the IOF assaults on the citizens.
The IOF also assaulted and arrested local official Hasan Brijiyeh, office director of the Colonization and Wall Resistance Commission in Bethlehem.
Hundreds of citizens flocked to Wadi Hummus neighborhood of Sur Baher town to attend the Friday khutba and prayer near the separation wall and to express their solidarity with local residents who lost their homes.
Immediately after they finished the prayer, the IOF showered them with volleys of tear gas grenades and physically assaulted some of them in an attempt to force them to leave the area. video
Photojournalist Iyad Hamad was reportedly injured after soldiers brutally beat him as he was covering the IOF assaults on the citizens.
The IOF also assaulted and arrested local official Hasan Brijiyeh, office director of the Colonization and Wall Resistance Commission in Bethlehem.
1 aug 2019
An Israeli court remanded today Palestinian photojournalist Mustafa Kharouf by one month, his attorney, Eddie Lostigman, has said.
Kharouf, who works as photographer with the Turkish Anadolu news agency, was born in Algeria in 1987 to parents from Jerusalem. He came back to live in Jerusalem in 1999 with his family.
But since he did not have any documents to live in Jerusalem, his stay here was considered illegal.
He was detained on January 22 of this year after living in Jerusalem for 20 years with an intention to deport him. But since he did not have any residency papers anywhere else, no county, including Jordan, would accept him.
On July 21, Israel attempted to deport him to Jordan but was unable to do so after he was denied entry into Jordan.
Kharouf, who works as photographer with the Turkish Anadolu news agency, was born in Algeria in 1987 to parents from Jerusalem. He came back to live in Jerusalem in 1999 with his family.
But since he did not have any documents to live in Jerusalem, his stay here was considered illegal.
He was detained on January 22 of this year after living in Jerusalem for 20 years with an intention to deport him. But since he did not have any residency papers anywhere else, no county, including Jordan, would accept him.
On July 21, Israel attempted to deport him to Jordan but was unable to do so after he was denied entry into Jordan.
29 july 2019
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The Palestinian Center for Development and Media Freedoms (MADA) issued a report on the violations of media freedoms in Palestine during the first half of this year 2019.
The report pointed to the high number of violations that affected the media freedoms in Palestine during the first half of 2019, where “MADA” monitored and documented a total of 330 attacks compared to 277 attacks were monitored during the same period of 2018, a total increase of 53 attacks or 19%. The Israeli occupation forces and authorities committed 150 attacks (45% of the total attacks), and 115 attacks were committed by various Palestinian sides (35% of the total attacks. Most of the Palestinian attacks took place in the Gaza Strip, and 65 |
violations were committed by Facebook company, which closed pages and accounts for Palestinian journalists and writers in the West Bank and Gaza under the pretext of fighting “incitement to violence and terrorism” (20% of all attacks monitored and documented in the first half of 2019).
Despite the relative decline in the number of Israeli attacks compared to the first half of 2018, the number of Israeli attacks monitored in the first six months of the year 2019 still exceeds the average number of Israeli attacks in the past eight years.
The Israeli attacks were divided into 91 attacks in the West Bank including the occupied city of Jerusalem, and 59 attacks in the Gaza Strip. 55 of the total Israeli attacks in the Gaza Strip were considered serious, because most injuries were physical injuries with live bullets and direct gas bombs, in addition to the destruction of the headquarters of two media institutions in the Gaza Strip.
The total number of physical attacks committed by the occupation army against journalists in the West Bank and Gaza was 88, constituting 59% of the total Israeli attacks, while four types of serious attacks (physical injuries, arrests, destruction of institutions and the use of journalists as human shields) reached 72% of all Israeli attacks monitored.
Regarding the Palestinian violations, there was a significant increase during the first half of 2019 compared with the same period of the previous year (increased by 67%). This was due to a large increase in the number of attacks monitored in the Gaza Strip, while a significant reduction in the number of violations in the West Bank has been observed.
A total of 27 Palestinian violations were monitored in the West Bank in the first half of 2019, with a total of 88 violations by Palestinians in the Gaza Strip during the same period.
The number of arrests and detentions topped the list of Palestinian violations, reaching 37 cases, noting that 16 journalists who were arrested and detained were tortured or ill-treated while in detention (15 of them in Gaza and one in the West Bank), Which is considered unprecedented for the Palestinians.
Despite the relative decline in the number of Israeli attacks compared to the first half of 2018, the number of Israeli attacks monitored in the first six months of the year 2019 still exceeds the average number of Israeli attacks in the past eight years.
The Israeli attacks were divided into 91 attacks in the West Bank including the occupied city of Jerusalem, and 59 attacks in the Gaza Strip. 55 of the total Israeli attacks in the Gaza Strip were considered serious, because most injuries were physical injuries with live bullets and direct gas bombs, in addition to the destruction of the headquarters of two media institutions in the Gaza Strip.
The total number of physical attacks committed by the occupation army against journalists in the West Bank and Gaza was 88, constituting 59% of the total Israeli attacks, while four types of serious attacks (physical injuries, arrests, destruction of institutions and the use of journalists as human shields) reached 72% of all Israeli attacks monitored.
Regarding the Palestinian violations, there was a significant increase during the first half of 2019 compared with the same period of the previous year (increased by 67%). This was due to a large increase in the number of attacks monitored in the Gaza Strip, while a significant reduction in the number of violations in the West Bank has been observed.
A total of 27 Palestinian violations were monitored in the West Bank in the first half of 2019, with a total of 88 violations by Palestinians in the Gaza Strip during the same period.
The number of arrests and detentions topped the list of Palestinian violations, reaching 37 cases, noting that 16 journalists who were arrested and detained were tortured or ill-treated while in detention (15 of them in Gaza and one in the West Bank), Which is considered unprecedented for the Palestinians.
